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We found 325 books in our category 'HISTORY'

We found 63 news items

We found 325 books

TOYNBEE ARNOLD J.
Blokkerende gewoonten. Pleidooi voor een wereldstaat (vertaling van Change and Habit. The Challenge of our Time - 1966)
Aula pocket nr 445, 266 pp., enkele bibliografische noten. Noot LT: Wij vonden het hoofdstuk 'Is een samensmelting van de hogere godsdiensten wenselijk?' interessant als uitgangspunt voor verdere discussie.

een uitgebreide biografische bibliografische noot van wikipedia/EN
TOYNBEE ARNOLD J.@ wikipedia
€ 15.0
ABRAHAMSEN P.
Royal wedding. Setting and background
Pb, 48 pp., Illustrations in colour and BW
ABRAHAMSEN P.@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
ACKERMAN Diane
Reis door het rijk der liefde. Cultuurgeschiedenis van de hartstocht
Hardcover, linnen, stofwikkel, gebonden, 8vo, 460 pp, index, bibliografie
ACKERMAN Diane@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
ALBRECHT Karl I.
Der verratene Sozialismus. Zehn Jahre als hoher Staatsbeamter in der Sowjetunion. Mit 110 Abbildungen
Hardcover, 652 pp. Abb. Namen-und Sachregister.
ALBRECHT Karl I.@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
ALBRECHT-CARRIÉ René
A diplomatic history of Europe
Paperback, in-8, 735 pp., bibliographical notes, bibliography, index.
ALBRECHT-CARRIÉ René@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
ALBURY Paul
The Story of the Bahamas
Hardcover, dj, in-8, 294 pp., illustrations, bibliographical notes, bibliography, index.
Slavery came to an end on July 31, 1834. Compensation paid by the Imperial Government to slave owners averaged £12 14s 4d for each slave. (128)
Interesting chapter on profitable Wrecking Industry (131), in which 'nearly one half of the able-bodied men of the colony were engaged'. (135)
In July 1940, Edward (former King Edward VIII) was appointed governor of the Bahamas, 'a third class colony', he said. He and his bitch Wallis Simpson had strong sympathy for Hitler and his nazis.

On 10 July 1973 the Bahamas gained full independence from the United Kingdom and the viceroy became the Governor-General of the Bahamian Monarch.
ALBURY Paul@ wikipedia
€ 12.5
ARIÈS PH., DUBY Georges, CHARTIER Roger (red.)
Geschiedenis van het persoonlijk leven. Deel 5: Figuren van de moderne tijd
Pb, grote in-8, 275 pp., illustraties in ZW, bibliografie, register/index.
ARIÈS PH., DUBY Georges, CHARTIER Roger (red.)@ wikipedia
€ 15.0
AUGUSTIJNEN Sven
Les demoiselles de Bruxelles
Hardcover, in-8, 77 pp.
AUGUSTIJNEN Sven@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
BAIGENT Michael, LEIGH Richard, LINCOLN Henry
Het Heilige Bloed en De Heilige Graal.
Paperback ill. Cover 448 pp. Foto's in ZW. Index en bibliografie. Voor het eerst gepubliceerd in 1982 in GBR. Inhoud: Aan de voet van de Pyreneeën, in Rennes-le-Château, doet een 19de-eeuwse priester een geheimzinnige ontdekking die hem in staat stelt een fortuin te vergaren. Deze ontdekking staat aan het begin van een speurtocht die voert langs gecodeerde perkamenten, geheime genootschappen, de Tempelridders en een duister Frans vorstenhuis dat al 1300 jaar geleden de greep op de koningstroon verloor. De auteurs besteedden jaren aan hun onderzoek en kwamen tot een schokkende conclusie: de onthulling van een geheim dat aan de basis ligt van de hele westerse beschaving en een nieuw licht werpt op de oorsprong van het christendom – sterker nog: op de identiteit van Jezus zelf.
BAIGENT Michael, LEIGH Richard, LINCOLN Henry@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
BARRACLOUGH Geoffrey Prof.
Kenmerken van eigentijdse geschiedenis
1ste druk, gebrocheerd, 184 pp.
BARRACLOUGH Geoffrey Prof.@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
BARTHELEMY (Abbé J.J.)
Voyage d'Anacharsis en Grèce vers le milieu du quatrième siècle avant l'ère vulgaire
Edition de luxe, hardcover, demi-percaline rouge, dos à 4 nerfs orné de motifs dorés et à froid, fort vol. in-8, 810 pp., 47 gravures, portrait de B., carte dépliante de la Grèce, index. Bio: Bathélémy (20/1/1716 - 30/4/1795)
BARTHELEMY (Abbé J.J.)@ wikipedia
€ 75.0
BARTIER John, ROUZET Anne (iconografie)
Karel de Stoute
Hardcover, linnen, stofwikkel, 4to, in groen linnen foedraal, 299 pp., rijkelijk geïllustreerd met platen.
BARTIER John, ROUZET Anne (iconografie)@ wikipedia
€ 25.0
BATTISTINI Olivier, CHARVET Pascal
Alexandre le Grand. Histoire et Dictionnaire
Pb, in-8, 1087 pp., ill., cartes.
BATTISTINI Olivier, CHARVET Pascal@ wikipedia
€ 15.0
BECUWE Frank, DE LENTDECKER Louis
Van Ijzerfront tot zelfbestuur.
Softcover, pb, 8vo, 94 pp, geïllustreerd
BECUWE Frank, DE LENTDECKER Louis@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
BISSON Jean, TROIN Jean-François
Present et avenir des Medinas
Paperback, in-8, 281 pp., illustraties
BISSON Jean, TROIN Jean-François@ wikipedia
€ 20.0
BLACKLEDGE Catherine
Het verhaal van V. Het boek begint waar De Vagina Monologen ophouden
Pb met flappen, in-8, 428 pp., illustraties, bibliografie, index. Degelijke cultuurhistorische en biologische benadering van het onbekende vrouwelijke geslachtsdeel. De Vagina Monologen (2000) is een werk van Eve Ensler.
BLACKLEDGE Catherine@ wikipedia
€ 15.0
BLACKWOOD E. Paul
De Tijd
Hardcover, 48 pp., Kleuren foto's, Index
BLACKWOOD E. Paul@ wikipedia
€ 10.0
BLED Jean-Paul
François-Joseph
Broché, in-8, 766 pp., illustrations, notes bibliographiques, bibliographie, index.

François-Joseph n'est pas un bâtisseur d'empire - le sien s'effondre deux ans après sa mort -, et dans sa vie de souverain, les échecs politiques et les revers militaires l'emportent sur les succès. Pourtant, dès son vivant, François-Joseph entre dans la légende. Les nombreux malheurs qui le frappent dans sa famille (exécution d'un frère, suicide d'un fils, assassinat de son épouse) et la longueur de son règne n'y sont pas étranger. L'image de François-Joseph retenue par la mémoire collective n'est-elle pas celle du vieil empereur au visage orné d'immenses favoris ? Mais surtout, héritier de la plus vieille dynastie d'Europe, " dernier monarque de la vieille école ", comme il se définit lui-même, il incarne avec majesté une certaine idée de la monarchie et du pouvoir. Si certains lui reprochent d'avoir laissé se développer, par son immobilisme, après 1867, les conséquences négatives du dualisme, le respect qui l'entoure tient unis ses 50 millions de sujets, ses onze peuples pourtant travaillés par des forces centrifuges. Car durant les soixante-huit années de son règne, des révolutions de 1848 à l'apocalypse de la Première Guerre mondiale, son empire est au centre de l'affrontement qui oppose deux logiques et deux cultures antagonistes, l'Etat multinational et l'Etat-nation. A travers cette lutte, c'est le destin de l'Europe qui s'accomplit, l'Europe du XXe siècle qui est en gestation.
BLED Jean-Paul@ wikipedia
€ 15.0
BLOCKMANS Wim
Keizer Karel 1500-1558. De utopie van het keizerschap
Paperback met flappen, 286 pp. Met chronologie, stambomen, kaartjes, bibliografie en index/register.

biografie Wim Blockmans
BLOCKMANS Wim@ wikipedia
€ 15.0
BLOCKMANS Wim Prof. (editor)
Europa door de eeuwen heen. Wetenschap, Transport, Oorlogen, Sport & Spel, Gezondheid en Kunst
Hardcover met stofomslag, 352 pp. 28,8x23,5 cm. Illustraties en kaarten in kleur en ZW, bibliografie, infogrammen stellen het verzamelde statistisch materiaal aanschouwelijk voor. Op p. 271 de heremiet Antonius belaagd door demonen, werk van Martin Schongauer (ca. 1445-1491). De bijdrage van Lodewijk C. Palm over astronomen en cartografen is interessant. Op p. 167 de schilderij van Otto Dix over de oorlogsinvaliden na WO I. Het hoofdstuk over Bastions en vestingwerken is van Maria Nadia Covini.

biografie Wim Blockmans
BLOCKMANS Wim Prof. (editor)@ wikipedia
€ 20.0

We found 63 news items

COTTEREAU (on YouTube)
Timelapse of Every Battle in History - Amazing and insane
ID: 202304092279


14.204.880 weergaven 1 jan 2019
This video shows every battle referenced on Wikipedia (10,624). Every battle is represented by a dot. Dots stay on the map for a while and then disappear.

List of every battle on Wikipedia : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1W...

Rules
• Battles are included only if they have a Wikipedia article
• Each country can only have 1 predecessor state at the same time (eg. the UK's predecessor is England, but not Scotland)

Methodology:
I used Wikipedia as a directory of battles:

1. I created a query with Wikidata Query to get the list of all articles tagged as "battle" by Wikipedia. This gives me about 12,000 battles

2. I downloaded the data that is included in the top right hand table of every of those Wikipedia article. I did it for the following versions of Wikipedia: English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, Greek, Turkish, Serbo-Croatian, Japanese, Danish, Norwegian, Slovakian, Dutch, Polish, Hungarian, Czech, Hindi, Hebrew, Basque, Bulgarian, Romanian, Catalan, Finnish, Swedish, Vietnamese, Persian, Indonesian, Korean

3. I cleaned up the data on Excel to remove double entries and obtained 10,624 unique battles

4. I created an index of countries with their predecessor states:
• France (476 - 2018): Frankish Kingdom, Frankish Empire, West Francia, Kingdom of France, French Empire, French Republic
• UK-England (927 - 2018): Kingdom of England, Commonwealth of England, Great Britain, United Kingdom
• USA (1776 - 2018): American patriots, USA
• Russia (882 - 2018) : Kievan Rus', Muscovy, Russian Empire, Bolsheviks, USSR, Russian Federation
• Germany (843 - 2018) : East Francia, Kingdom of Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Confederation of the Rhine, German Confederation, North German Confederation, German Empire, Germany
• Spain (718 - 2018) : Asturies, León, Castile, Kingdom of Spain
• Poland (960 - 2018) : Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duchy of Warsaw, Polish insurgents, Poland
• Rome (753 BC - 476) : Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire
• China (2500 BC – 2018) : Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, 3 Kingdoms, Jin, Sui, Tang, 10 Kingdoms, Song, Yuan, Ming, China
• Turkey (1037 - 2018): Seljuk empire, Anatolian Turks, Ottoman Empire, Turkey

Limitations :
You probably noticed that Europe concentrates the majority of battles. Possible explanations include the fact that Wikipedia is used more in Europe, the ban of Wikipedia in China or Turkey, or the lack of documentation of military records in some countries.
Some similar research also found that Europe had more battles than the rest of the world. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worl...

Credits :
Music : Hans Zimmer - Imagine the Fire
Special thanks to the GOAT
Land: INT
nws
Winners of the Wolfson History Prize (GBR)
ID: 202212318971
The first awards were made in 1972. Until 1987, prizes were awarded at the end of the competition year. Since then, they have been awarded in the following year.

Until 2016, up to three awards were made every year. Since 2017, a shortlist of six titles have been announced in advance of one overall winner.

(Winners are listed alphabetically by author)

2022
Devil-Land: England Under Siege, 1588-1688
Clare Jackson
(Allen Lane)

2022 Shortlist:

The Ottomans: Khans, Caesars and Caliphs
Marc David Baer
(Basic Books)

The Ruin of all Witches: Life and Death in the New World
Malcolm Gaskill
(Allen Lane)

Going to Church in Medieval England
Nicholas Orme
(Yale University Press)

God: An Anatomy
Francesca Stavrakopoulou
(Picador)

Fallen Idols: Twelve Statues that Made History
Alex von Tunzelmann
(Headline)

​2021
Black Spartacus: The Epic Life of Toussaint Louverture
Sudhir Hazareesingh
(Allen Lane)

2021 Shortlist:

Survivors: Children’s Lives after the Holocaust
Rebecca Clifford
(Yale University Press)

Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe
Judith Herrin
(Allen Lane)

Double Lives: A History of Working Motherhood
Helen McCarthy
(Bloomsbury)

Burning the Books: A History of Knowledge Under Attack
Richard Ovenden
(John Murray Press)

Atlantic Wars: From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution
Geoffrey Plank
(Oxford University Press)

​2020
The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans
David Abulafia
(Allen Lane)

2020 Shortlist:

A History of the Bible: The Book and Its Faiths
John Barton
(Allen Lane)

A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution
Toby Green
(Allen Lane)

Cricket Country: An Indian Odyssey in the Age of Empire
Prashant Kidambi
(Oxford University Press)

The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper
Hallie Rubenhold
(Doubleday)

Chaucer: A European Life
Marion Turner
(Princeton University Press)

2019
Reckonings: Legacies of Nazi Persecution and the Quest for Justice
Mary Fulbrook
(Oxford University Press)

Shortlist:

Building Anglo-Saxon England
John Blair
(Princeton University Press)

Trading in War: London’s Maritime World in the Age of Cook and Nelson
Margarette Lincoln
(Yale University Press)

Birds in the Ancient World: Winged Words
Jeremy Mynott
(Oxford University Press)

Oscar: A Life
Matthew Sturgis
(Head of Zeus)

Empress: Queen Victoria and India
Miles Taylor
(Yale University Press)

2018
Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation
Peter Marshall
(Yale University Press)

Shortlist:

Out of China: How the Chinese Ended the Era of Western Domination
Robert Bickers
(Allen Lane)

The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister’s Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine
Lindsey Fitzharris
(Allen Lane)

A Deadly Legacy: German Jews and the Great War
Tim Grady
(Yale University Press)

Black Tudors: The Untold Story
Miranda Kaufmann
(Oneworld)

Heligoland: Britain, Germany and the Struggle for the North Sea
Jan Rüger
(Oxford University Press)



2017
Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts
Christopher de Hamel
(Allen Lane)

Shortlist:

The House of the Dead: Siberian Exile under the Tsars
Daniel Beer
(Allen Lane)

Henry IV
Chris Given-Wilson
(Yale University Press)

Sleep in Early Modern England
Sasha Handley
(Yale University Press)

Martin Luther: Renegade and Prophet
Lyndal Roper
(The Bodley Head)

Henry the Young King, 1155 – 1183
Matthew Strickland
(Yale University Press)



2016
Augustine: Conversions and Confessions
Robin Lane Fox
(Allen Lane)

KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
Nikolaus Wachsmann
(Little, Brown)



2015
National Service: Conscription in Britain, 1945-1963
Richard Vinen
(Allen Lane)

Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914-1918
Alexander Watson
(Allen Lane)



2014
The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World
Cyprian Broodbank
(Thames & Hudson)

Red Fortress: The Secret Heart of Russia’s History
Catherine Merridale
(Allen Lane)



2013
Thomas Wyatt: The Heart’s Forest
Susan Brigden
(Faber & Faber)

Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini’s Italy
Christopher Duggan
(Random House)



2012
Nikolaus Pevsner: The Life
Susie Harries
(Chatto & Windus)

The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Identity & Memory in Early Modern Britain & Ireland
Alexandra Walsham
(Oxford University Press)



2011
The Man on Devil’s Island: Alfred Dreyfus and the Affair that Divided France
Ruth Harris
(Allen Lane)

Islanders: The Pacific in the Age of Empire
Nicholas Thomas
(Yale University Press)



2010
Russia against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe 1807 to 1814
Dominic Lieven
(Allen Lane)

The Hundred Years War, vol. III: Divided Houses
Jonathan Sumption
(Faber & Faber)



2009
Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town
Mary Beard
(Profile Books)

Dance in the Renaissance: European Fashion, French Obsession
Margaret McGowan
(Yale University Press)



2008
After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405
John Darwin
(Allen Lane)



God’s Architect: Pugin & the Building of Romantic Britain
Rosemary Hill
(Allen Lane)



2007
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600-1947
Christopher Clark
(Allen Lane)

City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London
Vic Gatrell
(Atlantic Books)

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
Adam Tooze
(Allen Lane)



2006
Shopping in the Renaissance: Consumer Cultures in Italy 1400-1600
Evelyn Welch
(Yale University Press)

Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800
Christopher Wickham
(Oxford University Press)



2005
The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia
Richard Overy
(Allen Lane)

In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War
David Reynolds
(Allen Lane)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history
Christopher Bayly



2004
Transformations of Love: The Friendship of John Evelyn and Margaret Godolphin
Frances Harris
(Oxford University Press)

The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940
Julian Jackson
(Oxford University Press)

Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490-1700
Diarmaid MacCulloch
(Allen Lane)



2003
White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India
William Dalrymple
(HarperCollins)

Marianne in Chains: In search of the German Occupation 1940-1945
Robert Gildea
(Macmillan)



2002
Facing the Ocean: The Atlantic and its Peoples 8000BC-AD1500
Barry Cunliffe
(Oxford University Press)

London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People
Jerry White
(Viking)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history:
Roy Jenkins



2001
Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis
Ian Kershaw
(Allen Lane)

The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day
Mark Mazower
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson)

Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World
Roy Porter
(Allen Lane)



2000
An Intimate History of Killing: Face-To-Face Killing In Twentieth-Century Warfare
Joanna Bourke
(Granta Books)

Salisbury: Victorian Titan
Andrew Roberts
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history
Asa Briggs



1999
Stalingrad
Antony Beevor
(Viking)

The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England
Amanda Vickery
(Yale University Press)



1998
The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century
John Brewer
(HarperCollins)

Jennie Lee: A Life
Patricia Hollis
(Oxford University Press)



1997
A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924
Orlando Figes
(Jonathan Cape)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history
Eric Hobsbawm



1996
Gladstone, 1875-1898
HCG Matthew
(Oxford University Press)



1995
William Morris: A Life for Our Time
Fiona MacCarthy
(Faber & Faber)

The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany
John Röhl
(Cambridge University Press)



1994
The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350
Robert Bartlett
(Allen Lane)

Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience
Barbara Harvey
(Oxford University Press)



1993
Britons: Forging the Nation 1707 – 1837
Linda Colley
(Yale University Press)

John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2: the Economist as Saviour 1920-1937
Robert Skidelsky
(PanMacmillan)



1992
Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair
John Bossy
(Yale University Press)

Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
Alan Bullock
(HarperCollins)



1991
The Architecture of Medieval Britain: A Social History
Colin Platt
(Yale University Press)



1990
The Quest for El Cid
Richard Fletcher
(Hutchinson)

How War Came
Donald Cameron Watt
(William Heinemann)



1989
Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830-1910
Richard Evans
(Oxford University Press)

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Control from 1500-2000
Paul Kennedy
(Unwin Hyman)



1987
Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales 1063-1415
Rees Davies
(Oxford University Press)

The Mediterranean Passion: Victorians and Edwardians in the South
John Pemble
(Oxford University Press)



1986
The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline
John Elliott
(Yale University Press)

European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism 1550-1750
Jonathan Israel
(Oxford University Press)



1985
Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior
Richard Davenport-Hines
(Cambridge University Press)

Lloyd George: From Peace to War, 1912-1916
John Grigg
(Methuen)



1984
The Weaker Vessel: Woman’s Lot in Seventeenth-Century England
Antonia Fraser
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson)

Chivalry
Maurice Keen
(Yale University Press)



1983
Winston S. Churchill, vol. VI: Finest Hour
Martin Gilbert
(Heinemann)

King George V
Kenneth Rose
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson)



1982
Death and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-century France
John McManners
(Oxford University Press)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history
Steven Runciman



1981
A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past
John Burrow
(Cambridge University Press)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history
Owen Chadwick



1980
The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation
Robert Evans
(Oxford University Press)

Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890-1939
FSL Lyons
(Oxford University Press)



1979
Death in Paris , 1795-1801
Richard Cobb
(Oxford University Press)

Clementine Churchill
Mary Soames
(Cassell)

The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 1: The Renaissance
Quentin Skinner
(Cambridge University Press)



1978
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962
Alistair Horne
(Macmillan)

For distinguished contribution to the writing of history
Howard Colvin



1977
Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780-1813
Simon Schama
(Collins)

Mussolini’s Roman Empire
Denis Mack Smith
(Longman & Co)



1976
A History of Building Types
Nikolaus Pevsner
(Thames & Hudson)

The Eastern Front 1914-17
Norman Stone
(Hodder & Stoughton)



1975
Edward VIII
Frances Donaldson
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson)

The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-1789
Olwen Hufton
(Oxford University Press)



1974
The Ancient Economy
Moses Finley
(Chatto & Windus)

France, 1848-1945: Ambition, Love & Politics
Theodore Zeldin
(Oxford University Press)



1973
Henry II
WL Warren
(Eyre & Spottiswoode)

The Rosicrucian Enlightenment
Frances Yates
(Routledge & Kegan Paul)



1972
Grand Strategy, vol. IV: August 1942 – September 1943
Michael Howard
(HMSO)

Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England
Keith Thomas
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
Land: GBR
STATISTA
The history of portable music
ID: 202106220334
Land: INT
nws
Joe Biden legt de eed af als 46ste president van de USA
ID: 202101201750
Voor het hoogtepunt zorgde Amanda Gorman (22) die haar gedicht - 'The Hill We Climb' - voordroeg. Zij toonde Amerika van zijn beste kant. Natuurlijk kan een gedicht de wereld niet veranderen, het kan wel het begin zijn van een nieuw inzicht, 'a new dawn'. En wellicht wordt het beleid van Joe Biden later wel afgerekend op deze ritmische woorden.


When day comes, we ask ourselves where can we find light in this never-ending shade?
The loss we carry, a sea we must wade.
We’ve braved the belly of the beast.
We’ve learned that quiet isn’t always peace,
and the norms and notions of what “just” is isn’t always justice.
And yet, the dawn is ours before we knew it.
Somehow we do it.
Somehow we’ve weathered and witnessed a nation that isn’t broken,
but simply unfinished.
We, the successors of a country and a time where a skinny black girl descended from slaves and raised by a single mother can dream of becoming president, only to find herself reciting for one.

And yes, we are far from polished, far from pristine,
but that doesn’t mean we are striving to form a union that is perfect.
We are striving to forge our union with purpose.
To compose a country committed to all cultures, colors, characters, and conditions of man.
And so we lift our gazes not to what stands between us, but what stands before us.
We close the divide because we know, to put our future first, we must first put our differences aside.
We lay down our arms so we can reach out our arms to one another.
We seek harm to none and harmony for all.
Let the globe, if nothing else, say this is true:
That even as we grieved, we grew.
That even as we hurt, we hoped.
That even as we tired, we tried.
That we’ll forever be tied together, victorious.
Not because we will never again know defeat, but because we will never again sow division.

Scripture tells us to envision that everyone shall sit under their own vine and fig tree and no one shall make them afraid.
If we’re to live up to our own time, then victory won’t lie in the blade, but in all the bridges we’ve made.
That is the promise to glade, the hill we climb, if only we dare it.
It’s because being American is more than a pride we inherit.
It’s the past we step into and how we repair it.
We’ve seen a force that would shatter our nation rather than share it.
Would destroy our country if it meant delaying democracy.
This effort very nearly succeeded.
But while democracy can be periodically delayed,
it can never be permanently defeated.
In this truth, in this faith, we trust,
for while we have our eyes on the future, history has its eyes on us.
This is the era of just redemption.
We feared it at its inception.
We did not feel prepared to be the heirs of such a terrifying hour,
but within it, we found the power to author a new chapter, to offer hope and laughter to ourselves.
So while once we asked, ‘How could we possibly prevail over catastrophy?’ now we assert, ‘How could catastrophy possibly prevail over us?’

We will not march back to what was, but move to what shall be:
A country that is bruised but whole, benevolent but bold, fierce and free.
We will not be turned around or interrupted by intimidation because we know our inaction and inertia will be the inheritance of the next generation.
Our blunders become their burdens.
But one thing is certain:
If we merge mercy with might, and might with right, then love becomes our legacy and change, our children’s birthright.

So let us leave behind a country better than the one we were left.
With every breath from my bronze-pounded chest, we will raise this wounded world into a wondrous one.
We will rise from the golden hills of the west.
We will rise from the wind-swept north-east where our forefathers first realized revolution.
We will rise from the lake-rimmed cities of the midwestern states.
We will rise from the sun-baked south.
We will rebuild, reconcile, and recover.
In every known nook of our nation, in every corner called our country,
our people, diverse and beautiful, will emerge, battered and beautiful.
When day comes, we step out of the shade, aflame and unafraid.
The new dawn blooms as we free it.
For there is always light,
if only we’re brave enough to see it.
If only we’re brave enough to be it.



herlees de speech die Martin Luther King gaf op 28 augustus 1963: I have a dream
Land: USA
net verschenen bij Leuven University Press
Lumumba in the Arts, Edited by Matthias De Groof
ID: 202001211471
"Art reminds us of the impossibility of his death and leaves us horrified every time one remembers the tragedy.", Matthias De Groof, editor 'Lumumba in the Arts'

Lumumba as a symbol of decolonisation and as an icon in the arts

It is no coincidence that a historical figure such as Patrice Emery Lumumba, independent Congo’s first prime minister, who was killed in 1961, has lived in the realm of the cultural imaginary and occupied an afterlife in the arts. After all, his project remained unfinished and his corpse unburied. The figure of Lumumba has been imagined through painting, photography, cinema, poetry, literature, theatre, music, sculpture, fashion, cartoons and stamps, and also through historiography and in public space. No art form has been able to escape and remain indifferent to Lumumba. Artists observe the memory and the unresolved suffering that inscribed itself both upon Lumumba’s body and within the history of Congo. If Lumumba – as an icon – lives on today, it is because the need for decolonisation does as well.

Rather than seeking to unravel the truth of actual events surrounding the historical Lumumba, this book engages with his representations. What is more, it considers every historiography as inherently embedded in iconography. Film scholars, art critics, historians, philosophers, and anthropologists discuss the rich iconographic heritage inspired by Lumumba. Furthermore, Lumumba in the Arts offers unique testimonies by a number of artists who have contributed to Lumumba's polymorphic iconography, such as Marlene Dumas, Luc Tuymans, Raoul Peck, and Tshibumba Kanda Matulu, and includes contributions by such highly acclaimed scholars as Johannes Fabian, Bogumil Jewsiewicky, and Elikia M’Bokolo.

Contributors: Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda (artist), Karen Bouwer (University of San Francisco), Véronique Bragard (UCLouvain), Piet Defraeye (University of Alberta), Matthias De Groof (scholar/filmmaker), Isabelle de Rezende (independent scholar), Marlene Dumas (artist), Johannes Fabian (em., University of Amsterdam), Rosario Giordano (Università della Calabria), Idesbald Goddeeris (KU Leuven), Gert Huskens (ULB), Robbert Jacobs (artist), Bogumil Jewsiewicki (em., Université Laval), Tshibumba Kanda Matulu (artist), Elikia M’Bokolo (EHESS), Christopher L. Miller (Yale University), Pedro Monaville (NYU), Raoul Peck (artist), Pierre Petit (ULB), Mark Sealy (Autograph ABP), Julien Truddaïu (CEC), Léon Tsambu (University of Kinshasa), Jean Omasombo Tshonda (Africa Museum), Luc Tuymans (artist), Mathieu Zana Etambala (AfricaMuseum)

This publication is GPRC-labeled (Guaranteed Peer-Reviewed Content).
Land: COD
Erdogan
Erdogan analyseert de Westerse kwalen
ID: 201912031188
The President of Republic of Turkey Erdogan speaks at the closing program of the 6th Religious Council
"One of the dearest values that have been the subject of exploitation throughout history is religion"

Drawing attention to the fact that some unheard and new addictions such as screen addiction have become prominent especially among the young people, Erdoğan stated the followings,

"Unfortunately, the relationship by affinity on the digital system has started to develop today rather than the relationship between apartment flats. It is a concern that the formless belief systems, which presents superstitious beliefs as if they are true, will be popular among the young generation. Our children whom we see as the guarantee of our future are, unfortunately, vulnerable to aberrant movements most of which originate from the West and the Western mentality. We are experiencing a challenging, difficult and strange time when sharing is replaced with selfishness, solidarity is replaced with the destructive competition, altruism is replaced with negligence, privacy is replaced with exhibitionism, modesty is replaced with arrogance, mercy is replaced with remorselessness, marriage is replaced with illegal relationships. We, especially those who have a responsibility like yours, have no luxury to be an onlooker to this picture. As we all know, the universe does not accept any space. When the true and the truth stays back superstition occupies its place immediately.”
STATISTA, Niall McCarthy
The Real Reason Europe Needs The EU: PEACE
ID: 201905081735
In the UK, many Remain voters have made the point that lasting peace in Europe needs to be considered one of the primary achievements of the European Union. How valid is that claim? In order to find out, we analyzed Peter Brecke's Conflict Catalog which documents violent deaths in 3,708 conflicts going all the way back to 1400. The result is the following infographic which estimates the number of violent deaths in wars in Europe between 1800 and 2016.

Back in the 1800s, continental Europe was ravaged by conflict after conflict. Between 1803 and 1815 alone, well over six million people lost their lives in the Napoleonic wars while the Hungarian Revolt and Franco Prussian war saw the deaths of hundreds of thousands more. The first half of the 20th century was of course the bloodiest period in the continent's history and according to Project InPosterum (rather than Peter Brecke's global analysis of World War II deaths), 32,156,000 people died in WWII in Europe.

Soon after the conflict ended, the Greek Civil War erupted in 1946, costing another 158,000 lives. Things suddenly started to improve when the European Economic Community was founded in 1957. For example, Europe only experienced 18,409 violent war deaths between 1961 and 1992. The European Union was established in 1993 and conflicts continued to be rare events. Violent deaths still occurred during the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Russo-Georgian War, the conflict in Donbass and elsewhere.

However, those deaths certainly were not on a scale matching the extensive bloodshed of the 1800s and first half of the 20th century. That certainly backs up the argument that the European Union has played a major role in uniting and keeping the continent peaceful since its inception.


Infographic: The Real Reason Europe Needs The EU | Statista
Land: INT
Article 201904241447: The Leopard, the Lion, and the Cock. Colonial Memories and Monuments in Belgium
STANARD Matthew
The Leopard, the Lion, and the Cock. Colonial Memories and Monuments in Belgium
ID: 201904241447
Thought-provoking reflection on culture, colonialism, and the remainders of empire in Belgium after 1960
The degree to which the late colonial era affected Europe has been long underappreciated, and only recently have European countries started to acknowledge not having come to terms with decolonisation. In Belgium, the past two decades have witnessed a growing awareness of the controversial episodes in the country’s colonial past. This volume examines the long-term effects and legacies of the colonial era on Belgium after 1960, the year the Congo gained its independence, and calls into question memories of the colonial past by focusing on the meaning and place of colonial monuments in public space.

The book foregrounds the enduring presence of “empire” in everyday Belgian life in the form of permanent colonial markers in bronze and stone, lieux de mémoire of the country’s history of overseas expansion. By means of photographs and explanations of major pro-colonial memorials, as well as several obscure ones, the book reveals the surprising degree to which Belgium became infused with a colonialist spirit during the colonial era.

Another key component of the analysis is an account of the varied ways in which both Dutch- and French-speaking Belgians approached the colonial past after 1960, treating memorials variously as objects of veneration, with indifference, or as symbols to be attacked or torn down. The book provides a thought-provoking reflection on culture, colonialism, and the remainders of empire in Belgium after 1960.

Free digital appendix: detailed list of monuments in Belgium linked to the country’s colonial past (zie Excel-file in File 1)
LT
6 april 2019: 135 jaar geleden verscheen het eerste nummer van 'Le Mouvement Géographique'
ID: 201904060861



The first edition of the 'Mouvement Géographique' was published in Brussels on April 6th 1884. Its primary aim was the promotion of Belgian colonisation in Africa. Although rarely publishing first hand information, the paper, nevertheless, constitutes a documentary source of great importance. Two periods can be distinguished in the history of the 'Mouvement Géographique'. Up to 1890, the paper is wholeheartedly behind the actions and plans of the Congo Free State and the colonial policy of Léopold II. From 1890, when the paper became the property of the 'Compagnies du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie', it distances itself from the Congo Free State. Thus, in analysing the editorial contents of the paper and the personality of its founder, A.J. Wauters, it becomes clear that this paper represents an essential document on the first thirty years of Belgium involvement in the Congo. Furthermore, its level of specialisation and regularity of publication means that there is no real equivalent in any other colonising country.

link
ref: Henri Nicolai, « Le mouvement géographique, un journal et un géographe au service de la colonisation du Congo », Civilisations [En ligne], 41 | 1993, mis en ligne le 29 juillet 2009, consulté le 26 avril 2016.
link



LEES MEER ...
Land: COD
One Earth Future
ANNUAL RISK of COUP REPORT 2019
ID: 201904009998


Overview:
The goals of this first ever Annual Risk of Coup Report are two-fold. First, it provides an in-depth global and regional look at the likelihood of coup events for 2019 based on a combination of quantitative forecasting and qualitative analysis of specific coup-prone states. Examining historical trends, it provides analyses on the risk of coup events and the geographic hotspots for the coming year. This information is further broken down regionally by examining Asia, the Americas, and Africa individually. These regions represent the most recent hotspots for coup events, thus warranting a closer look at the most coup prone countries for 2019 and the reasons why they are more likely to face a coup attempt.

Second, our forecast and analysis are not meant to supplant incredibly important regional and political expertise surrounding coups and political instability, but to add to it by using a different kind of tool-kit for forecasting future coup risk. Coups, and political instability broadly, are unique, and no single quantitative forecast will provide perfect information about the risk governments face going into the future. Knowing this, we can still utilize historical trends in coup events alongside social, environmental, political, and economic data to identify the conditions in which individual coup plotters will make decisions.

Key Findings:
Coup events (both attempts and successes) have declined considerably over the past two decades.
Even though coup events have declined globally, Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced a disproportionate number of coup events in the post-2000 time period. Roughly 70 percent of all coup events since 2000 have taken place in this region.
Greater democratization has changed the nature of coups. Less consolidated democracies face higher forecasted risks for a coup attempt, while elections were found to be triggers of coup risk.
The global forecasted risk of at least one coup attempt in 2019 fell to nearly 80 percent, compared to more than 90 percent in 2018.
Sub-Saharan Africa saw a decrease in the forecasted risk of at least one coup attempt in 2019 but remains comparatively high at roughly a 55 percent probability of at least one coup attempt.
Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Burundi, Mauritania, and Somalia are forecasted to be the top 5 most at risk countries for at least one coup attempt in 2019.
Across Asia, the Americas, and Africa, a history of coups, infant mortality rate, GDP per capita, and length of democracy, time since last incumbent electoral loss, and population size were found to be the biggest drivers of coup risk.
Qualitative assessment of at-risk countries within Asia, the Americas, and Africa found that each region contained diverse causes of political instability and unique drivers of coup-risk. Consequently, each region requires a tailored approach to mitigating coup risk for the most at-risk countries.
Given the unexpected failed coup in Gabon on January 7th, 2019, quantitative forecasting alone may not capture the full extent to which countries may risk a coup. The analysis of three low-risk African countries highlights that expert knowledge is necessary to bridge the gap between macro-quantitative forecasting and the potential micro-dynamics driving coup risk.
UN
Statement to the media by the United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, on the conclusion of its official visit to Belgium, 4-11 February 2019
ID: 201902111471

Brussels, 11 February 2019

The Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent thanks the Government of Belgium for its invitation to visit the country from 4 to 11 February 2019, and for its cooperation. In particular, we thank the Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. We also thank the OHCHR Regional Office for Europe for their support to the visit.
The views expressed in this statement are of a preliminary nature and our final findings and recommendations will be presented in our mission report to the United Nations Human Rights Council in September 2019.
During the visit, the Working Group assessed the human rights situation of people of African descent living in Belgium, and gathered information on the forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia and related intolerance they face. The Working Group studied the official measures taken and mechanisms to prevent systemic racial discrimination and to protect victims of racism, as well as responses to multiple forms of discrimination.
As part of its fact-finding mission, the Working Group visited Brussels, Antwerp, Liege, Namur and Charleroi. It met with senior officials of the Belgian Government at the federal, regional, community and local levels, the legislature, law enforcement, national human rights institutions, OHCHR Regional Office, non-governmental organizations, as well as communities and individuals working to promote the rights of people of African descent in Belgium. The Working Group toured the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA). It also visited the St. Gilles prison in Brussels.
We thank the many people of African descent and others, representing civil society organizations, human rights defenders, women’s organizations, lawyers, and academics whom we met during the visit. The contributions of those working to promote and protect the rights of people of African descent, creating initiatives, and proposing strategies to address structural racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia and related intolerance are invaluable.
The protection of human rights and the prohibition of racial discrimination is enshrined in Articles 10-11 in the Belgian Constitution. Belgium’s national anti-racism legislation is the 1981 anti-discrimination law, updated in 2007. Regions and communities also have anti-discrimination legislation.
We welcome the initiatives undertaken by Government at the federal, regional and community levels to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. We encourage efforts to raise awareness and support civil society including through the provision of funding.
The Working Group recognizes the important work of the Inter-Federal Centre for Equal Opportunities (Unia) in the protection and promotion of human rights, and in documenting racism and inequality at the federal and regional levels. Unia also provides recommendations on participation, tolerance, discrimination and diversity as well as their implementation in Belgium. Its diversity barometers provide important information on the human rights situation of people of African descent.
Throughout our visit we appreciated the willingness of public officials to discuss how public and private institutions may sustain racial disparities. We welcome the national network of expertise on crime against people, a robust infrastructure for combatting hate crime. In Brussels, Antwerp, Liege, Namur and Charleroi, the Working Group received information about social integration and intercultural efforts for new arrivals, including referral to language tuition. In Liege, we welcome the commitment enshrined in the Charter, Liege Against Racism.
The Working Group also welcomes the civil society initiatives to promote the International Decade for people of African descent in Belgium.
One of the ways the African diaspora in Belgium is expressing its voice is through cultural events such as the Congolisation festival to highlight the contribution of Congolese artists to the Belgian cultural landscape and make people begin to appreciate and reflect on the diaspora’s artistic heritage.
Despite the positive measures referred to above, the Working Group is concerned about the human rights situation of people of African descent in Belgium who experience racism and racial discrimination.
There is clear evidence that racial discrimination is endemic in institutions in Belgium. Civil society reported common manifestations of racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia and related intolerance faced by people of African descent. The root causes of present day human rights violations lie in the lack of recognition of the true scope of violence and injustice of colonisation. As a result, public discourse does not reflect a nuanced understanding of how institutions may drive systemic exclusion from education, employment, and opportunity. The Working Group concludes that inequalities are deeply entrenched because of structural barriers that intersect and reinforce each other. Credible efforts to counter racism require first overcoming these hurdles.
We note with concern the public monuments and memorials that are dedicated to King Leopold II and Force Publique officers, given their complicity in atrocities in Africa. The Working Group is of the view that closing the dark chapter in history, and reconciliation and healing, requires that Belgians should finally confront, and acknowledge, King Leopold II’s and Belgium’s role in colonization and its long-term impact on Belgium and Africa.
The most visible postcolonial discourse in a Belgian public institution takes place within the recently reopened Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), which is both a research and a cultural institution. RMCA has sought to review its approach to include critical, postcolonial analysis- a marked shift for an institution originally charged with promulgating colonial propaganda. The Working Group is of the view that the reorganization of the museum has not gone far enough. For those communities that do engage in vibrant postcolonial discourse, i.e., civil society and activists, the reorganization falls short of its goal of providing adequate context and critical analysis. The Working Group notes the importance of removing all colonial propaganda and accurately presenting the atrocities of Belgium’s colonial past. The RMCA admits that decolonization is a process and reports its intention to evolve towards sharing power with people and institutions of African descent.
The Working Group welcomes this process of decolonization, as even recent cultural production in Belgium reflects enduring legacies of the colonial past. For example, a 2002 exhibit of eight Africans in a private zoo in Belgium (Cameroonians brought to Belgium without visas) recalls Belgium’s notorious “human zoos” between 1897 and 1958.
Reportedly, between 1959 and 1962, thousands of children born to white fathers and African mothers in Belgian-ruled Congo, Rwanda and Burundi were abducted and sent to Belgium for adoption. The Working Group notes with approval that the 2016 appeal by Metis de Belgique for state recognition was met with an apology from the Catholic Church the following year and a 2018 parliamentary resolution on la ségrégation subie par les métis issus de la colonisation belge en Afrique. The Working Group commends the provision of funding for data gathering, research and accountability within this framework.
Belgium often refers to intercultural, rather than multicultural, goals with the idea of preserving individual cultural heritage and practices while coexisting in peace and prosperity with respect and regard for the intersection and interaction of diverse cultures. This diversity includes citizens, migrants, people of first, second, and third generation residency, highly educated people, and groups that have contributed enormously to the modern Belgian state. Interculturality requires reciprocity, rejection of harmful cultural stereotype, and valuing of all cultures, including those of people of African descent.
The Working Group notes with concern the absence of disaggregated data based on ethnicity or race. Disaggregated data is required for ensuring the recognition of people of African descent and overcoming historical “social invisibility”. Without such data, it is impossible to ensure that Belgium’s reported commitments to equality are actually realized. Some anti-discrimination bodies have found proxy data (relating to parental origin) that have informed equality and anti-racism analyses; additional data relating to regroupement famille (and other data) may also extend these analyses to Belgian citizens of African descent.
Belgium has a complex political system. This must not impede fulfilment of its obligations to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. The lack of an A-Status National Human Rights Institution and a National Action Plan to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia and related intolerance must be addressed. Belgium should engage actively in partnership with people of African descent, particularly experts in navigating these complexities, to promote equality and to diminish entrenched racial disparity.
The Working Group notes both civil society and law enforcement acknowledge the prevalence of racial profiling in policing. Reportedly, counter-terrorism policies have contributed to an increase in racial profiling by law enforcement. The federal police recognized the concern with racial profiling and offered additional information about a pilot study in Mechelen to document all stops and searches (including a narrative basis for the stop) over a two-year period. However, it is unclear how this may effectively target racial profiling as the race of the community members stopped by the police are not included among the data captured by the stop report.
The Working Group visited St. Gilles Prison in Brussels. The Working Group found the prison dilapidated and overcrowded. It is scheduled for relocation in 2022. Frequent strikes by prison personnel dramatically impact the conditions of confinement for incarcerated people housed there, including suspensions of visitation, showers, phone access, recreation, and prolonged lockdowns. Another concern raised by the detainees was the lack of attention to their requests for medical attention. There were also individual reports of racist behaviour by some of the guards, and the administration committed to individually counselling perpetrators and zero-tolerance for racism.
The Working Group notes with deep concern, the lack of representation of people of African descent in the judiciary, law enforcement, government service, correctional service, municipal councils, regional and federal parliaments. These institutions do not reflect the diversity of the Belgian population. When the Working Group visited Belgium in 2005, the federal police reported the existence of a robust recruitment program to promote diversity. While this program was again presented as a serious commitment, no data are currently available to establish what improvements, if any, had been made in the past fourteen years and whether the program has been successful.
Civil society and community members commented on the lack of positive role models in the news media, on billboards, and in Belgian television and film. The French Community referenced best practices involving a barometer of print media aimed at measuring equality and diversity among journalists and in news content, and creating of an expert panel to broaden representation.
The Working Group noted deficiencies in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, among people of African descent in Belgium. According to research, sixty percent of Afro-Belgians are educated to degree level, but they are four times more likely to be unemployed than the national average. Eighty percent say they have been victims of discrimination from a very young age. Public officials consistently rationalized systematic exclusion of people of African descent with references to language and culture, even in cases involving second generation Belgians.
The Working Group repeatedly heard from civil society that Belgians of African descent faced “downgrading” and other employment challenges. People with university and graduate degrees reported working well-below their educational levels, including in manual labor despite possessing university certificates from Belgian universities. They also highlighted the difficulty in obtaining recognition of foreign diplomas. They also reported systematic exclusion from job assistance as job centers declined to refer people of African descent to employment opportunities at their educational levels. UNIA has also documented pervasive downgrading of employment and the prevalence of people of African descent working well below their education levels, despite the fact that they are among the most educated in the Belgian society.
The Working Group is concerned that primary and secondary school curricula do not adequately reflect the history of colonization as well as history and contributions of people of African descent in Belgium. Whether colonial history of Belgium is mentioned is largely dependent on interest and initiative of individual teachers. Where curriculum exists, it appears to recapitulate colonial propaganda including the suggestion that economic development came to Africa as a result of colonization while omitting references to key historical figures of African descent such as Patrice Lumumba. Reportedly, one-fourth of the high school graduates are unaware that Congo was a former Belgian colony.
At every interaction with civil society, the Working Group heard testimonies of the systematic practice of diverting children of African descent to vocational or manual training and out of the general education trajectory. This severely impacts the right to education and the right to childhood. Parents reported struggling to keep their children from being diverted, resisting transfers to vocational education, fighting to avoid having their children classified with behavioural or learning disorders and being threatened with the involvement of child protective services. A few parents discussed creative strategies to navigate these systems and secure their children’s education, including using the home school testing process and enrolling their children in boarding school. University students also reported being discouraged from continuing their educations or progressing.
Several community members discussed severe impact to their mental health due to racial discrimination. This included individualized racial slurs and hostile treatment, and several members of civil society in different locations mentioned the dramatic impact of daily racism on their lives – including depression and becoming withdrawn – and the fact that no one in authority in their schools ever noticed or intervened.
Civil society reported frequent discrimination in housing and rental markets. They would be immediately rejected by landlords who could detect an African accent over the phone or who recognized their names as African or informed the apartment was unavailable once they met the landlord face-to-face. Government informed of the use of “mystery calls,” a process involving the use of testers where landlords were identified as potentially discriminating unlawfully. The program was only recently commenced, pursuant to the Unia report and in conjunction with them, and few cases had been completed at the time of our visit.
The Working Group heard considerable testimony from civil society and community members on intersectionality, that people who meet the criteria for multiple marginalized groups may be particularly vulnerable, face extreme violence and harassment, and yet often remain invisible or deprioritized even within communities of African descent. This is particularly true for undocumented people of African descent whose lives are particularly precarious and who lack regularisation for years. In addition, women of African descent, particularly recent migrants, faced challenges pursuing justice, social support, or even shelter for domestic violence.
People of African descent and Muslim religious identity questioned why law enforcement authorities assumed they had terrorist ties. Some public officials implicitly acknowledged their role in this, including defending the use of racial profiling as a counter terrorism tactic and suggesting a false equivalence between anti-radicalism efforts and anti-racism programs, i.e., failing to understand that race-based assumptions regarding radicalism are inaccurate, grounded in bias, and divert key resources from protecting Belgian society from actual threats.
The Working Group is concerned about the rise of populist nationalism, racist hate speech and xenophobic discourse as a political tool. We reiterate the concerns raised by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in 2015 that the government has yet to adopt legislation declaring organizations which promote and incite racial discrimination illegal, in conformity with Article 4 of the Convention.
The use of blackface, racialized caricatures, and racist representations of people of African descent is offensive, dehumanizing and contemptuous. Regrettably, the re-publication of Tintin in the Congo unedited and without contextualization perpetuates negative stereotypes and either should be withdrawn or contextualized with an addendum reflecting current commitments to anti-racism.
The Working Group found little awareness about the International Decade for people of African descent. Civil society stands ready to support implementation of the Programme of Activities of the International Decade.
The following recommendations are intended to assist Belgium in its efforts to combat all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia and related intolerance:
The Government of Belgium should adopt a comprehensive inter-federal National Action Plan against racism, upholding the commitments it made 2002, following the World Conference Against Racism. The National Action Plan against racism should be developed in partnership with people of African descent.
Adopt a National Strategy for the inclusion of people of African descent in Belgium, including migrants, and create a National Platform for people of African descent.
Establish an independent National Human Rights Institution, in conformity with the Paris Principles, and in partnership with people of African descent.
The Government should consider ratifying the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.
The Working Group urges the Government to comply with the recommendations made by the Unia, including those relating to combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
The Working Group urges the government to fund creative projects by people of African descent such as the House of African Culture, among others, with the view of raising the visibility of all forms of African expression and preserving the history and memory of the African Diaspora.
We urge universities throughout Belgium to endow chairs in African Studies, and prioritize the hiring of faculty of African descent, with the view to foster research and the dissemination of knowledge in this area, as well as to diversify the academy.
The Government should ensure funding for anti-racism associations run by people of African descent to enable them to be partners in combatting racism. The Working Group also recommends inclusive financing mechanisms for entrepreneurs of African Descent.
We welcome the renaming of the former Square du Bastion to Patrice Lumumba Square in June 2018 as well as an exhibit commemorating Congolese soldiers who fought in World War I, and encourage further, durable commemoration of contributions of people of African descent and the removal of markers of the colonial period.
We urge the government to give recognition and visibility to those who were killed during the period of colonization, to Congolese soldiers who fought during the two World Wars, and to acknowledge the cultural, economic, political and scientific contributions of people of African descent to the development of Belgian society through the establishment of monuments, memorial sites, street names, schools, municipal, regional and federal buildings. This should be done in consultation with civil society.
The Working Group recommends reparatory justice, with a view to closing the dark chapter in history and as a means of reconciliation and healing. We urge the government to issue an apology for the atrocities committed during colonization. The right to reparations for past atrocities is not subject to any statute of limitations. The Working Group recommends the CARICOM 10-point action plan for reparatory justice as a guiding framework.
The Working Group supports the establishment of a truth commission, and supports the draft bill before Parliament entitled “A memorial work plan to establish facts and the implication of Belgian institutions in Congo, Rwanda and Burundi”, dated 14 February 2017.
The authorities should ensure full access to archives relevant for research on Belgian colonialism.
The Working Group urges the relevant authorities to ensure that the RMCA be entrusted with tasks and responsibilities in the context of the International Decade for people of African Descent. In this context, the Working Group recommends that the RMCA be provided with appropriate financial and human resources, which would allow it to fully exercise the potential of this institution and engage in further improving and enriching its narrative, thus contributing to a better awareness and understanding of the tragic legacies of Belgian colonialism as well as past and contemporary human rights challenges of people of African descent.
The Working Group encourages the RMCA, in collaboration with historians from Africa and the diaspora, to remove all offensive racist exhibits and ensure detailed explanations and context to inform and educate visitors accurately about Belgium’s colonial history and its exploitation of Africa.
The Working Group urges the Government to provide specific, directed funding to the RMCA to enrich its postcolonial analysis. This funding should allow for innovations like QR codes on museum placards to provide more context and enrich intersectional analyses, including the historical and current interplay of race, gender, sexuality, migration status, religion and other relevant criteria.
The Working Group urges the Government to financially support a public education campaign in partnership with people of African descent, to learn and better understand the legacies of Belgian colonialism.
The Working Group strongly recommends that the Government collects, compiles, analyses, disseminates and publishes reliable statistical data disaggregated by race and on the basis of voluntary self-identification, and undertakes all necessary measures to assess regularly the situation of individuals and groups of individuals who are victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
The Working Group calls on the Government to address racial profiling and institute a policy of documenting and analyzing stops and searches nationwide, including race and skin color, in order to promote and ensure equality and fairness on policing; mitigate selective enforcement of the law; address enduring bias, stereotype, and beliefs about the need to surveil and control people of African descent.
Ensure that the robust framework set up for the prosecution of hate crimes is used more in practice.
Review diversity initiatives within justice institutions as well as other sectors including education and media, to develop clear benchmarks to increase diversity measurably and overcome structural discrimination and unconscious bias through positive measures, in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
Clarify and simplify jurisdiction of anti-discrimination authorities, creating one point of entry to ease reporting for victims and to coordinate and enhance accountability for perpetrators of racist harassment and violence, including accelerated judicial procedures.
The Government should review and ensure that textbooks and educational materials accurately reflect historical facts as they relate to past tragedies and atrocities such as enslavement, the trade in enslaved Africans and colonialism. Belgium should use UNESCO’s General History of Africa to inform its educational curriculum, among similarly oriented authoritative texts. We urge the government to promote greater knowledge and recognition of and respect for the culture, history and heritage of people of African descent living in Belgium. This should include the mandatory teaching of Belgium’s colonial history at all levels of the education system.
The Ministries of Education and the local Communities must determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in diversion of children of African descent from mainstream education into vocational or technical education streams, as compared to white Belgian children.
All teachers should complete anti-racism training, including training on implicit bias and specific manifestations in the context of their work. The training should involve testing to evaluate the understanding of diversity among teachers.
All public officials charged with education responsibilities must develop clear, objective, and transparent processes and criteria that govern when a child should be diverted from mainstream education, the need to guard against implicit bias and race-based outcomes in decision-making, and the right of parents to resist or overrule the recommendations of teachers without harassment.
The Government should take all necessary measures to combat racial discrimination and ensure full implementation of the right to adequate standard of living, including the right to adequate housing, access to affordable health care, employment and education for people of African descent.
Invest in integrated trust-building measures between the police, judicial institutions, the Unia, social integration institutions, anti-racist associations, and victims of racial discrimination and race and gender based violence, to ensure that racist acts, violence or crimes are systematically reported, prosecuted and compensated.
Belgium should conduct a racial equity audit within its public institutions and incentivize private employers and institutions to do the same. The purpose of the audit is to look for systemic bias and discrimination within the regular and routine operation of business. Belgium should commit to a public release of the findings and to implementing recommendations developed in the audit process.
Belgium should examine existing statistics and proxy data to determine whether people of African descent in Belgium, including Belgian citizens of African descent, experience and exercise their human rights consistently with the averages for all Belgians. This includes data on citizenship, parents’ place of birth, and regroupement famille (family reunification) data for reunification from countries of African descent.
Belgium should adopt clear, objective, and transparent protocols for job centers to ensure they do not perpetuate stereotype and bias, including requiring referrals to be based on level of education or experience, and recognizing that language should not be a disqualifying factor once a measurable competence is determined.
The Working Group recommends the Government support and facilitate an open debate on the use of blackface, racialized caricatures and racist representation of people of African descent. The republication of Tintin in the Congo should be withdrawn or contextualized with an addendum reflecting current commitments to anti-racism.
The Working Group calls on politicians at all levels of society to avoid instrumentalzing racism, xenophobia and hate speech in the pursuit of political office and to encourages them to promote inclusion, solidarity, non-discrimination and meaningful commitments to equality. Media is also reminded of its important role in this regard.
The Working Group reminds media of their important role as a public watchdog with special responsibilities for ensuring that factual and reliable information about people of African descent is reported.
The Working Group urges the Government to involve civil society organisations representing people of African descent when framing important legislations concerning them and providing those organizations with adequate funding.
The International Decade on People of African Descent should be officially launched in Belgium at the federal level.
The Working Group also encourages the Government to further implement the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda within Belgium, with focus on indicators relevant for people of African descent, in partnership with civil society. In view of Statbel’s 2018 report on poverty, the Working Group calls on the government to eradicate structural racism to attain the Sustainable Development Goals.
The Working Group would like to reiterate its satisfaction at the Government’s willingness to engage in dialogue, cooperation and action to combat racial discrimination. We hope that our report will support the Government in this process and we express our willingness to assist in this important endeavour.
****
Article 201902111100: Elizabeth Warren (D) gaat met voorstel van rijkentaks naar de Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen van 2020
nws
Elizabeth Warren (D) gaat met voorstel van rijkentaks naar de Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen van 2020
ID: 201902111100
In 2014 publiceerde zij A fighting chance.
In 2017 volgde dan This Fight Is Our Fight: The Battle to Save America's Middle Class. Daarmee maakt ze haar doelgroep bekend: de lijdende middenklasse die zelfs met twee inkomens niet meer rond komt.

Warren zit al jaren in het harde anti-Trump-kamp en zij kent hem als geen ander.
Enkele dagen geleden zei ze in Iowa: "By the time we get to 2020, Donald Trump may not even be President," "In fact, he may not even be a free person." Ze wil echter wachten op de resultaten van het onderzoek van Robert Mueller naar de Rusland-connectie in de campagne van Trump.

Warren (°1949) is niet van plan te gaan reageren op elke aanval en elke tweet van Trump.
Dat zou inderdaad een fout zijn want dan wordt het ZIJN campagne en niet de hare.

Thomas Piketty wijst in 'Le Monde' (9/2) uitdrukkelijk op de stellingen van Warren en valt daarmee de neo-liberale politiek van Macron aan.

Van de website van Warren (www.elizabethwarren.com):
REBUILD THE MIDDLE CLASS
After decades of largely flat wages and exploding household costs, millions of families can barely breathe. For generations, people of color have been shut out of their chance to build wealth. It’s time for big, structural changes to put economic power back in the hands of the American people.

That means putting power back in the hands of workers and unions. It also means transforming large American companies by letting their workers elect at least 40% of the company’s board members to give them a powerful voice in decisions about wages and outsourcing. And it means a new era of strong antitrust enforcement so giant corporations can’t stifle competition, depress wages, and drive up the cost of everything from beef to Internet access.

As the wealthiest nation in the history of the world, we can make investments that create economic opportunity, address rural neglect, and a legacy of racial discrimination–if we stop handing out giant tax giveaways to rich people and giant corporations and start asking the people who have gained the most from our country to pay their fair share.

That includes an Ultra-Millionaire Tax on America’s 75,000 richest families to produce trillions that can be used to build an economy that works for everyone, including universal childcare, student loan debt relief, and down payments on a Green New Deal and Medicare for All. And we can make a historic investment in housing that would bring down rents by 10% across America and create 1.5 million new jobs.
youtube
10 best places in Vietnam - Things NOT to do in Vietnam - short History of Vietnam - train from Da Nang to Hue - renting an apartment or a villa
ID: 201901014582
Munteenheid = Dong
De Vietnamese dong is de munteenheid van Vietnam. Eén dong is tien hao of honderd xu. Dong is Vietnamees voor koper, maar betekent tegenwoordig geld. De onderverdeling hao en xu is zo waardeloos geworden, dat ze niet meer wordt gebruikt.

De volgende munten worden gebruikt: 200, 500, 1000, 2000 en 5000 dong. Het papiergeld is beschikbaar in 200, 500, 1000,2000 en 5000 dong. en vanaf 2003 zijn er polymeren bankbiljetten beschikbaar in 10.000, 20.000, 50.000, 100.000, 200.000 en 500.000 dong.




Dus: Hoi An (60.000 inw.), Da Nang (grote stad), Hue, Halong Bay






Huren in Da Nang: (zeer interessante reportage):







Full size villa for 2.200 US$ a month:


Great living in Da Nang - Very interesting testimony:




Ancient town Hoi An:


Food in Da Nang:


Beach near Da Nang:





link: https://houserentaldanang.com/houses-for-rent/
Land: VNM
Villa van Eilein Gray aan de Franse Riviera - Een topstuk
ID: 201809120099
The Sordid Saga of Eileen Gray’s Iconic E-1027 House
Designed by the Irish architect and designer, the 1929 French Riviera villa was an obsession of Le Corbusier. Previously a ruin, a new crowdfunding campaign aims to continue its restoration.
Jason Sayer
September 12, 2018
E1027 villa eileen gray crowdfund preservation
Eileen Gray entered the architectural mainframe late in life. She was 48 when she began working on E-1027, her first building. By this point she was a respected furniture designer, but had grown tired of designing the fancy interiors of other people’s houses.Courtesy Manuel Bougot




It’s fair to say Eileen Gray’s E-1027 French villa hasn’t lived a charmed life: It has survived desecration by Le Corbusier, target practice by the Nazis, a stint as drug den and orgy destination, and near dereliction. However, of late, the infamous house’s future is looking more optimistic: Cap Moderne, a non-profit dedicated to rehabbing and opening the building as a cultural destination, recently launched a crowdfunding campaign to continue the building’s restoration. Over the last few years, the conservationists’ work had focused on the recreation of the building’s Eileen Gray–designed furniture. The latest efforts focus on a particular dining alcove. How that alcove—and the entire house—lost its furniture and fell into disrepair is a long story, with many twists and turns.

The house certainly had optimistic—and idealistic—beginnings. “One must build for the human being, that he might rediscover in the architectural construction the joys of self-fulfillment in a whole that extends and completes him,” Gray wrote in the 1929 issue of L’Architecture Vivante. “Even the furnishings should lose their individuality by blending in with the architectural ensemble.” The villa was intended as a peaceful retreat for Gray and her then lover, Romanian architect, critic, and editor of L’Architecture Vivante, Jean Badovici, who had partially contributed to the project’s design.

The villa—essentially a white rectangle perched upon the Cap-Martin cliff face—is clearly a Modernist building. It adopts some aspects of Le Corbusier’s five points of new architecture (concrete piles, open plan rooms, a roof garden, horizontal windows and a “free” facade) which the Swiss-French architect had published in his seminal 1923 book Vers Une Architecture.

However, despite Corbusier’s call for openness within and without, privacy is a main objective of E-1027. On the exterior, floor-to-ceiling concertina windows open to the Mediterranean Sea, providing light and views, yet rolling shutters and two strips of canvas shield the villa’s interiors from being seen, thereby also blocking harsh afternoon sunlight and framing the seaside vista.

E1027 villa eileen gray crowdfund preservation
Two bands of canvas form a faux version of the horizontal window, one element of Le Corbusier’s five rules of “new architecture.”Courtesy Manuel Bougot

Inside, the house refrains from using an open plan. Its interior spaces aren’t immediately revealed: Rooms are private places waiting to be discovered. Entering either the bedroom or living room-cum-boudoir, for example, requires walking around a series of corners. Furthermore, given the house’s compact size (1,400 square feet) and many rooms, Gray was meticulously efficient with space. Such constraints, as is commonly the case, led to delightfully innovative workarounds: Wardrobes open to become walls, the living room sofa turns into a bed, and a whole host of cupboards and other bespoke furnishings are either embedded or intrinsically in tune with the rest of the house.

The most prominent example of this ingenuity is the “E-1027 table.” Designed for Gray’s sister so she could eat breakfast in bed without getting crumbs in the sheets, it is a classic piece of Modernist furniture. The table comprises two steel tube circles whose open base fits around a bed post; the design’s height is also adjustable so the table can hover over the bed.

E1027 villa eileen gray crowdfund preservation
Inside the main living area, a space which doubled-up as a boudoir when the sofa, or ‘grand divan,’ became a bed. Gray’s Centimeter Rug can also be seen along with two famous Gray chairs. Left is the iconic Bibendium chair, with nickel-plated steel tubing and canvas upholstery. Right is the Transat chair, which takes name from transatlantic steamship deck chairs.Courtesy Manuel Bougot

For all the work done by Gray, however, it took an essay by Joseph Rykwert in 1967 to bring her deserved recognition. By that time, the house had been credited as entirely the work of Badovici and even Le Corbusier.

In fact, Le Corbusier was a good friend of Badovici’s and was obsessed with E-1027. After Gray and Badovici split in 1932, Badovici inherited the house and often stayed there with his wife. Against Gray’s wishes, Le Corbusier, as Bodovici’s guest, painted murals on the walls. The French-Swiss architect even tried to buy the house but failed, instead purchasing property nearby where he built a small cabin, the Cabanon de vacances.

The degradation continued during World War II when German soldiers practiced their aim against E-1027’s walls. Actual death came next. On August 27, 1965, Le Corbusier’s body washed up on the shores below, having drowned after going swimming against his doctor’s orders. After that, the house and surrounding area were declared a “Site Moderne” due to their international significance. Even that, however, didn’t halt the villa’s plight.

E1027 villa eileen gray crowdfund preservation
Le Corbusier added murals to E-1027 from 1938 to 1939. These have since been a source of controversy; architecture critic Rowan Moore likened Le Corbusier’s mural painting to a dog urinating over territory.© Manuel Bougot

More death was to follow. In 1980, E-1027’s then-owner, Marie-Louise Schelbert was found dead in her flat in Zurich. Three days prior, her physician, Dr. Peter Kägi had secretly snuck almost all of Gray’s original furniture out and auctioned it off in Zurich. When Schelbert died, Kägi inherited the house, using it host an array of hedonistic affairs, notably drug-fueled orgies. In 1996, this came to an end when he was murdered in the living room.

Now, finally, the house is being looked after. In 1999, the villa was bought by the Conservatoire du littoral (a cultural conservatory) and since then several efforts have been made to restore the house. The latest is by Cap Moderne, which was set up in 2014 to manage E-1027 as well as Le Corbusier’s adjacent cabin. “We have taken the position, which is not fashionable in many conservation courses, to reconstruct [that] which had been destroyed to more or less the 1929 situation,” says Tim Benton, a trustee of Cap Moderne and art history professor specializing in 20th century architecture. As recently as 2006, the villa was in a dilapidated state, the living room-boudoir screen wall was in tatters.

E1027 villa eileen gray crowdfund preservation
E-1027 at night.Courtesy Manuel Bougot

“Almost everything has, or is being, or will be redone,” Benton adds, pointing to the furniture. Cap Moderne aims to raise up to $50,000, with the French government matching donations dollar-for-dollar. The money will go towards refurnishing the villa’s dining alcove, including a dining table with an in-built electric light and cork top designed to protect plates and glasses, and a specially made lemon container (Menton lemons were once a regional specialty). Furthermore, the association has its eyes on recreating Gray’s Non Conformist chair and a fold-able table within the dining alcove that opens up to turn the corridor into a bar.

“Left empty, this is one of 100 important houses of the late Modern period,” says Benton. “But the interior is one of [the] four most important modern interiors in the world. This why we are remaking the furniture with the same tools, the same materials, the same processes as the originals.”

Le Corbusier was one of Rebutato’s first customers and he grew to love the place. He later painted several murals on it much to Rebutato’s appreciation.
© Manuel Bougot
The villa’s roof terrace provides spectacular views along the French Riviera. It is E-1027’s least private space.
© Manuel Bougot
wiki
massaal gebruik van Pervitin tijdens WO II
ID: 201806281200
Methamfetamine, ook bekend als meth, crystal meth, methylamfetamine, N-methylamfetamine, pervetine of desoxyefedrine, is een drug, een sterk verslavende amfetamine en hoort bij de fenylethylaminefamilie ( N-methyl-O–fenylisopropylamine). Het is een lipofiel molecuul met een potente actie op het centrale zenuwstelsel. Het kan bij een licht zure pH ook in de geprotoneerde vorm aanwezig zijn (pK=9,9).

Door de verhoogde lipofilie werkt methamfetamine in vergelijking met gewone amfetamine sterker en heeft daardoor ook een sterker toxisch effect.[1][2]

Inhoud
1 Toepassingen
1.1 Medische toepassingen
1.2 Andere toepassingen
2 Geschiedenis
3 Synthese
3.1 Reductie
3.2 Condensatie
4 Chemische eigenschappen
5 Effecten
5.1 Effecten op zenuwstelsel
5.2 Effecten op het lichaam
5.2.1 Overdosis
5.2.2 Psychopathologie van de ontwenning
5.3 Effecten in de hersenen
5.4 Cellulaire mechanismen van toxiciteit
6 Biotransformatie
6.1 Omzetting in een hydrofiele/polaire stof
7 Trivia
Toepassingen
Medische toepassingen
Er zijn verschillende medische toepassingen voor dit middel. Methamfetamine wordt verkocht onder de naam Desoxyn door het Deense farmaceutische bedrijf Lundbeck voor behandeling van narcolepsie, obesitas en ADHD. Het wordt gebruikt als vermageringsmiddel (omdat het hongergevoel onderdrukt wordt) en bij extreme vormen van ADHD en ADD. Methamfetamine wordt meestal in zijn kristallijne vorm als methamfetamine hydrochloride ingenomen.

Andere toepassingen
Methamfetamine is een populaire harddrug. Het middel wordt ook gebruikt door mensen die onder grote druk toch goed willen of moeten presteren, zoals atleten, studenten of (straaljager)piloten.[bron?]

Geschiedenis
De Japanse chemicus Nagai Nagayoshi synthetiseerde methamfetamine uit efedrine in 1893. Akira Ogata was de eerste die in 1919 van fosfor en ephedrine methamfetamine in kristallijne vorm synthetiseerde.

In vroeger tijden werd het verkocht onder de naam pervetine of pervitin. Het werd geproduceerd door het Duitse farmaceutische bedrijf Temmler[3]. De grondstof efedrine werd door de Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek verwerkt.[4]

In de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd het middel door zowel de geallieerden als de asmogendheden gebruikt. Door het gebruik van methamfetamine konden soldaten langer doorgaan met vechten en kregen ze minder snel honger. Het middel werd als alternatief gebruikt voor alcohol, omdat alcohol tot excessen onder soldaten leidde. Hierdoor werd het middel veelvuldig verspreid onder soldaten, met als gevolg dat er 200 miljoen pillen methamfetamine in de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden gebruikt.[5] Een bekende gebruiker van het middel was Adolf Hitler, die het middel intraveneus liet inspuiten door zijn lijfarts Theodor Morell.[6] Bij de Wehrmacht stond het bekend als Panzerschokolade oftewel tankchocolade. Het werd gebruikt om bij langdurige gevechten bemanning van gepantserde wagens meer uithoudingsvermogen te geven. Voor vliegeniers was er de Fliegerschokolade. Bij geallieerde piloten werd het middel gedurende de oorlog vervangen door dextro-amfetamine, omdat methamfetamine bij hen tot agitatie leidde.[7]

Uit onderzoek van biograaf-historicus Cees Fasseur blijkt dat ook de Nederlandse Koningin Wilhelmina tijdens de oorlogsjaren regelmatig haar toevlucht zocht tot pervitine. Volgens rechtshistoricus Marcel Verburg zou haar druggebruik een verklaring zijn voor haar door de ministerraad in Londen destijds vaak als bizar en eigengereid ervaren optreden.[8]

In Japan werd het middel vlak na de Tweede Wereldoorlog verkocht onder de naam Philopon. Dit leidde tot een epidemie van verslaafden.[9]

Methamfetamine deed eind jaren 80 zijn intrede in de Verenigde Staten als harddrug. Het werd snel populair omdat het middel goedkoop is, relatief simpel te produceren, en het effect sterk is.

Synthese
Er zijn een vijftal verschillende synthesemechanismen,[10] waarvan de reductie van efedrine en de condensatie van fenylaceton de twee meest gangbare zijn.

Reductie
De reductie van efedrine was het eerste ontwikkelde synthesemechanisme en werd in 1894 door de Japanse chemicus Nagayoshi Nagai ontwikkeld.

Condensatie
De condensatie van fenylaceton met methylamine werd in 1919 door Akira Ogata ontwikkeld. Hij verkreeg voor de eerste keer methamfetamine in een kristallijne zuivere vorm. In 1921 vroeg hij voor deze syntheseweg een octrooi aan.

Chemische eigenschappen
Methamfetamine is een kleurloze vluchtige[2] lipofiele stof, die daardoor goed in staat is door de bloed-hersenbarrière te dringen en in vetweefsel te worden opgeslagen. Methamfetamine kan echter ook als wateroplosbaar ammoniumion aanwezig zijn. De aminestikstof heeft een pKa=9,9 en zal dus in licht zure oplossingen geprotoneerd aanwezig zijn en zich daardoor ook makkelijk in zure celcompartimenten zoals mitochondriën of neurotransmittervesikels ophopen.[11]

Effecten
Effecten op zenuwstelsel
Methamfetamine werkt op catecholaminerge zenuwcellen, en vooral op dopaminebevattende cellen. De stof kan op verschillende manieren de cel binnenkomen: door actief en passief transport.

Methamfetamine vormt door zijn chemische overeenkomsten met catecholamines een substraat voor retentiemechanismen. Het wordt actief door dopamineplasma-membraantransporters en vesiculaire monoaminetransporters binnen de cel getransporteerd. Dit zijn transportereiwitten die normaal voor de heropname van vrijgekomen dopamine geschikt zijn en onder andere bepalend zijn voor de dopamineconcentratie in de synapsspleet. De affiniteit van methamfetamine tot de transportereiwitten is 10 keer hoger dan voor amfetamine. Het passieve transportmechanisme is diffusie over het membraan heen.[11]

Binnen de cel gaat methamfetamine verder de organellen met inbegrip van mitochondria en vesikels in. Hier verhoogt het de pH en verandert enzymactiviteiten.[1] Van bijzonder belang is hierbij de verlaging van de MAO-activiteit in de mitochondria en inhibitie van catecholopslag in vesikels. Hierdoor wordt de neurotransmitterconcentratie in de cel verhoogd. De neurotransmitter bindt aan de naar binnen wijzende kant van de transportereiwitten en wordt in de synapsspleet getransporteerd. Het catecholamine bindt aan de postsynaptischen receptoren en oefent er zijn functie uit.[12][13]

Effecten op het lichaam
Door de verhoogde afgifte van catecholamines worden er zogenoemde vecht-vluchtreacties opgewekt. Typische effecten zijn:

Verhoging van de hartslag
Verhoging van de bloeddruk
Vernauwing van de bloedvaten
Verhoogde transpiratie
Verwijding van de luchtwegen
Vergroting van de pupillen
Daarnaast werkt het middel als een sterk afrodisiacum.

Overdosis
Methamfetaminegebruikers ontwikkelen al heel snel een grote tolerantie. Verslaafden nemen gewoonlijk een 5 tot 6 keer hogere dosis in dan de LD50 voor iemand die het voor het eerst gebruikt. Hierdoor kunnen twee ernstige situaties optreden waarbij overlijden een mogelijk gevolg is. Ten eerste dienen abstinente gebruikers dezelfde dosis die eerder in een tolerante toestand normaal was toe. Omdat ze hun tolerantie hebben verloren kan een zo hoge dosis dodelijk zijn. Verder komt het vaak voor dat nieuwe gebruikers dezelfde dosis toedienen als ervaren gebruikers. Overlijden treedt op door oncontroleerbare hyperthermie, epileptische aanvallen, hypoxie en hart- en vaatstelselcomplicaties.[1]

Psychopathologie van de ontwenning
Bij ontwenning, na vooral langdurig gebruik van hoge doseringen van methamfetamine, wordt anergie (afwezigheid van reactie) met dysforie (sombere of prikkelbare stemming) en een stoornis aan mentale energie waargenomen. Deze symptomen zijn heviger dan bij cocaïne en kunnen maanden aanhouden. Ook is psychose vaak gezien en wordt een hoge vatbaarheid voor paranoia waargenomen die jaren kan duren. Dit hangt waarschijnlijk samen met de neurotoxiciteit van de drug en de langzame herstel van het dopamine mechanisme in de hersenen.[1][14][bron?][15][16]

Effecten in de hersenen
Chronisch misbruik van methamfetamine heeft een heel sterk effect op het metabolisme in de hersenen, vooral op de pariëtale schors, de thalamus en het striatum. In de pariëtale schors wordt een verhoogd metabolisme vastgesteld, terwijl in de thalamus en het striatum het tegendeel te observeren is.[17] Dit werd ook in dierproeven bevestigd waarbij ratten chronisch aan methamfetamine werden blootgesteld[18]. De neurotransmitter dopamine speelt hierbij een belangrijke rol. Methamfetamine heeft een neurotoxisch effect op cellen van de middenhersenen, waardoor de afgifte van dopamine in het striatum wordt verlaagd en daardoor ook het metabolisme ervan[19]. Omdat de thalamus het meeste dopamine uit het striatum ontvangt, wordt ook het metabolisme in de thalamus verlaagd[20], wat uiteindelijk leidt tot een onomkeerbare verslechtering van de fijne motoriek[17]. Zelfs na drie jaar onthouding is de dopaminebinding in de nucleus caudatus en het putamen verlaagd. De reden hiervoor is echter nog niet helemaal bekend. Het zou een reflectie van neuroadaptie of neurotoxiciteit kunnen zijn. Verder zou het verbruikspatroon voor het verschil verantwoordelijk kunnen zijn.[1] Het verhoogde metabolisme in de pariëtale schors is nog niet helemaal opgehelderd, echter blijkt uit onderzoek dat gliose (een verhoogd aantal gliacellen in een beschadigd deel van het centrale zenuwstelsel) ervoor verantwoordelijk kan zijn.

Cellulaire mechanismen van toxiciteit
Er zijn twee modellen voor acute en chronische toxiciteit. Acute toxiciteit wordt bij dieren gesimuleerd met een toediening van ongeveer 4–5 mg/kg. Men vermoedt dat bij acute blootstelling aan hoge methamfetamineconcentraties dopamine in het cytoplasma wordt geoxideerd. Hierdoor verliest het dopamine zijn werking. Verder opent het mitochondrion poriën waardoor calcium uittreedt en celdood optreedt. Als methamfetamine chronisch wordt toegediend wordt met ongeveer 15 mg/kg/dag * 14 dagen wekt methamfetamine een verhoogde glutamaat-, dopamine-, calcium- en RONS-afgifte op. De apoptopische cascade begint en de cel sterft vervolgens.

Onafhankelijk van de manier hoe methamfetamine de cel binnenkomt, is de neurotoxiciteit van de productie van reactieven soortafhankelijk. Wanneer methamfetamine de cel binnenkomt en dopamine vrij zet, wordt deze geoxideerd (bij MAO of auto-oxidatie). De eruit voortkomende reactive oxygen species via H2O en NO met necrotisch celdood als gevolg. Als methamfetamine in de cel en mitochondrien diffundeert (mogelijk door zijn lipofilie) verandert het er de elektrochemisch gradiënt. Het is dus mogelijk dat methamfetamine niet alleen door de productie van radicalen de neuronen doodt maar ook door mitochondria-afhankelijke inductie van de apoptotische cascade.[1]

Biotransformatie
Om het concentreren van de stof te voorkomen wordt hij van het lichaam gebioactiveerd of gebiotransformeerd, en in een hydrofiele, makkelijk uitscheidbare stof omgezet, waardoor (in het geval van methamfetamine) uitscheiding via de nieren kan plaatsvinden.[2] De halfwaardetijd is afhankelijk van de urine-pH en bevindt zich tussen 5-6 uur en 34 uur.

De biotransformatie van methamfetamine in de mens is grotendeels opgehelderd en in-vitrostudies met hepatocyten[17] en in-vivo-onderzoek met ratten en cavia's[18] geven een adequaat model om de processen die erbij betrokken zijn te beschrijven. Detoxificatie vindt meestal in twee fasen plaats.

Omzetting in een hydrofiele/polaire stof
Methamfetamine wordt vooral door p-hydroxylering, N-demethylering en bèta-hydroxylering door het enzym Cytochroom P450 Cyp2D6[19] gebiotransformeerd, waardoor de stof zijn lipofiele eigenschappen verliest en de excretie van methamfetamine verhoogt. Daarbij blijkt dat de biotransformatie van methamfetamine in p-hydroxymethamfetamine verzadigbaar is en de halfwaardetijd met toenemende methamfetaminetoediening sterk verhoogd wordt. Verder blijkt dat methamfetamine een negatief effect op de werking van het enzym, dat bij de eerste hydroxyleringsstap betrokken is, heeft en onomkeerbare schade kan veroorzaken[17].

Er zijn nog twee andere routes, waardoor methamfetamine wordt gemetaboliseerd. Deze blijken echter in de rat een belangrijkere rol te spelen dan in de mens[18]. In de tweede pathway wordt methamfetamine in amfetamine en vervolgens in norefedrine, wat heel sterk op efedrine lijkt, en ten slotte ook in p-hydroxynorefedrine omgezet.

De derde pathway resulteert in het omzetten van methamfetamine in benzoëzuur. Daarbij wordt fenylaceton als intermediair gevormd.

Trivia
Volgens rechtshistoricus Marcel Verburg gebruikte koningin Wilhelmina tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog pervetine. In het boek Geschiedenis van het Ministerie van Justitie 1940-1945 legt de historicus een verband tussen haar drugsgebruik en het handelen van de vorstin.[21] Wilhelmina werd tijdens de oorlog gezien als een sterke en krachtige koningin, die via Radio Oranje het volk moed probeerde in te spreken. Voor de regering in ballingschap was de vorstin daarentegen een ramp, oordeelt Verburg. In zijn boek beschrijft hij hoe Wilhelmina de ministers tijdens de ministerraad volledig uitkaffert. Dat komt, volgens de auteur, mogelijk door bijwerkingen van haar drugsgebruik. De koningin zou door de verdovende middelen vreemde beslissingen hebben genomen, of soms juist beslissingen uitgesteld hebben.

In de oorlog werd pervetine soms gebruikt door soldaten om vermoeidheid tegen te gaan. Ook voor pijnbestrijding werd het middel vrij algemeen ingezet.


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
(en) Davidson C, Gow AJ, Lee TH, Ellinwood EH. (augustus 2001). Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms and relevance to human abuse and treatment. (pdf). Brain research. Brain research reviews 36 (1): 1-22 . PMID: 11516769. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00054-6. Gearchiveerd van origineel op 2016-06-17. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-16.
(en) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Methamphetamine drug profile. EMCDDA Drug profiles. EMCDDA Gearchiveerd op 2016-04-15. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-16
(en) Robert N. Proctor: The Nazi War on Cancer , Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-691-07051-2 p. 154-155
(en) Bosman, H.H. (2012), The history of the Nederlandsche Cocaïne Fabriek and its successors as manufacturers of narcotic drugs, analysed from an international perspective, Foot & Playsted Pty. Ltd., Launceston, ISBN 978-0-9872751-2-7 (Volume 1) en ISBN 978-0-9872751-3-4 (Volume 2)
(nl) Nico, Cardone, Nazi's slikten 200 miljoen dosissen Chrystal Meth. Knack (2011-04-14) Gearchiveerd op 2016-06-18. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-16
(en) Doyle D (februari 2005). Adolf Hitler's medical care (pdf). J R Coll Physicians Edinb 35 (1): 75–82 . ISSN:0953-0932. PMID: 15825245. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-16.
(en) Emonson, DL; Vanderbeek, RD (1995). "The use of amphetamines in U.S. Air Force tactical operations during Desert Shield and Storm.". Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 66 (3): 260–3
(nl) Vanessa Lamsvelt; Mirjam Keunen, Drugsgebruik Wilhelmina had invloed op regeerstijl. EenVandaag (2016-06-15). Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-16
(en) Tamura M, Japan: stimulant epidemics past and present pp. 83-93. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (1989-01-01) Gearchiveerd op 2008-10-11. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-18
(en) Cho AK (1990-08-10). Ice: a new dosage form of an old drug. Science 249 (4969): 631-634 . ISSN:0036-8075. PMID: 17831955. DOI: 10.1126/science.249.4969.631.
(en) Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A (april 2005). Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review (pdf). Prog Neurobiol 75 (6): 406-433 . ISSN:0301-0082. PMID: 15955613. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003. Gearchiveerd van origineel op 2016-06-19. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-18.
(en) Kuczenski, R (pp. 31-61) in (en) , Stimulants: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives, Raven Press, New York, 1983, p. 360 p.. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-01.
(en) M. W. Fishman, in Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, H. Y.Meltzer, Ed. (Raven, New York, 1987), pp. 1543-1553; L. M. Gunne, in Drug Addiction II: Amphetamine, Psychotogen and Marihuana Dependence, W. R. Martin, Ed.(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977), pp. 247-266.
azarius.nl, METAMFETAMINE, geraadpleeg 17 maart 2018
Akutbehandlung „Amphetaminartige Substanzen =ATS“ „Niedrigschwelliger“ Methamphetaminentzug, Ramon Rodler, Angelika Schmidt, Janina Schmüser, Jörg Abt, Roland Härtel-Petri; slide 135-139
Crystal meth withdrawal - Not like heroin, but not easy, Adi Jaffe, May 23, 2010
(en) Kanamori T1, Tsujikawa K, Ohmae Y, Iwata YT, Inoue H, Kishi T, Nakahama T, Inouye Y (2005-03-10). A study of the metabolism of methamphetamine and 4-bromo-2,5,-dimethoxzphenethylamine (2C-B) in isolated rat hepatocytes. Forensic Sci Int 148 (2-3): 131-137 . ISSN:0379-0738. PMID: 15639607. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.04.084. Gearchiveerd van origineel op 2016-06-19. Geraadpleegd op 2016-06-19.
J. Caldwell, L.G. Dring, R.T. Williams, Metabolism of [14C]methamphetamine in man, the guinea pig and the rat, Biochem. J. 129 (1972) 11-22
M. Dostalek, J. Jurica, J. Pistovcakova, M. Hanesova, J. Tomandl, I. Linhart, A. Sulcova, Effect of methamphetamine on cytochrome P450 activity, Xenobiotica 37 (2007) 1355-1366
J. Scheel-Krüger, Dopamine-GABA interactions: evidence that GABA transmits, modulates and mediates dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia and the limbic system, Acta Neurol Scand 73 (1986) 9-49
[1]
Land: DEU
FERGUSON Niall
The Decline and Fall of History
ID: 201610281561
On October 28, Niall Ferguson accepted the 2016 Philip Merrill Award for Outstanding Contributions to Liberal Arts Education at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC.
Ferguson names 20 important subjects that are underrated in history classes in Stanford, Yale and Harvard.
1. All periods in British History
2. The Reformation
3. The scientific revolution
4. The Enlightment
5. The American Revolution
6. The French Revolution
7. The US Constitution
8. The Industrial Revolution
9. The American Civil War
10. German Unification
11. World War I
12. The Russian Revolution
13. The Great Depression
14. The Rise Of Fascism
15. The Third Reich
16. World War II
17. Decolonization
18. The Cold War
19. The history of Israel
20. European Integration

Comment LT: What I miss in Fergusons' list is The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire.


CIA
CIA & OSS History - A bibliography
ID: 201608159984
Christopher Andrew

For the President's Eyes Only-Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush.

New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995.

Ray Cline
The CIA: Reality vs Myth--The Evolution of the Agency from Roosevelt to Reagan,

(Revised edition of The CIA under Reagan, Bush and Casey).
Washington, DC: Acropolis Books, 1982.

The author, a former top official of the Agency, discusses what clandestine work in an open society is like, why it is needed, and how it can be carried out effectively.

Arthur Darling

The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950.

State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990.

A look at the bureaucratic struggles that led to the development of the CIA and the battles that ensued afterward.

Douglas F. Garthoff
Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community — 1946-2005

Washington, DC: Center for The Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2005.

A comprehensive study of how politics, institutions, and personalities influenced the DCI's ability to oversee the Intelligence Community.

Ted Gup

The Book of Honor: The Secret Lives and Deaths of CIA Operatives

New York: Random House, 2000

Journalist Ted Gup presents the stories of many of the CIA officers who died in the service of their country.

Loch K. Johnson
The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents.

New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Johnson, a professor at the University of Georgia who worked for the Church Committee, discusses both the history of the Agency and the theory of intelligence as he grapples with the issues of secret intelligence in a free society.

Ronald Kessler

The CIA At War: Inside the Secret Campaign Against Terror.

New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003

A look at the major events of the Agency from the 1980s to the present based mainly on interviews with DCIs and former Agency personnel.

William M. Leary, ed.

The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents.

Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1984.

This book reprints Anne Karalekas's "History of the Central Intelligence Agency," originally published in Book IV of the Church Committee's report. Leary has added an introduction and an appendix of historical documents.

G. J. A. O'Toole

Honorable Treachery: A History of Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA.

New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991.

A wide-ranging study by a former Agency officer places intelligence in general and the CIA in particular in historical context.

John Ranelagh
The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA.

New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.

A comprehensive and well-researched history of the CIA written by a British author, this work provides a sharp description of the people and events that created the Agency.

Donald P. Steury
On the Front Lines of the Cold War: Documents on the Intelligence War in Berlin, 1946-1961.

Washington, D.C.: CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999.

A look at the beginnings of the Cold War from the front lines of Berlin.

Thomas F. Troy

Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981.

Troy studies the concept of centralized intelligence from 1939-1947 and describes the bureaucratic battles involved in trying to establish a central intelligence organization. He had access to many classified documents, some of which appear in the book.

Michael Warner, ed.

The CIA Under Harry Truman

Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1994.

A valuable collection of primary documents that shed light on CIA's creation.

Michael Warner

The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency.

Washington, D.C.: CIA History Staff , Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2000.

The story of CIA's WWII predecessor.

H. Bradford Westerfield, ed.

Inside the CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992.

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.

Declassified articles from the Agency's "Studies in Intelligence" authored by mostly CIA employees and covering a wide range of intelligence topics.
Land: USA
Colard, Sandrine Germaine Marie
Photography in the Colonial Congo (1885-1960)
ID: 201608028824
2016 THESES DOCTORAL

Historians of photography have generally represented colonial photography as a predictable and oppressive genre. Taking the Belgian Congo (1885–1960) as its subject, this dissertation argues that the medium has also been the instrument of a rapprochement between metropole and colony, not only in the hands of Europeans, but also in those of Africans, as the consequence of a long-lasting reaction against the worldwide diffusion of the so-called “Congo atrocities” pictures (1904–1908). Chapter One explores this pivotal episode in the history of photography. The exceptional violence of these images prompted the counter-development of a representational ideal—the colonie modèle—that was deployed at two historical moments: first, in the interwar period with the illustrated magazine L’Illustration Congolaise, and after World War II with the governmental photographic service InforCongo. In Chapter Two and Three, the studies of L’Ilustration Congolaise and InforCongo trace how this colonial rapprochement was encouraged by increasingly representing Congolese décor and subjects as the mirrored image of Belgium, until it peaked in the late colonialism’s concept of a “Belgian-Congolese community.” Chapters Four and Five turn to Congolese family albums and queries how Africans’ self-representations sought to integrate—or not—the model colony. Based on research carried out in Belgium and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this dissertation is the first in-depth study of a history of photography in the Congo and the first comprehensive history of photography within a single colonial regime. Similarly, this project presents the first in-depth study of African family albums, examined in the multiple aspects that make up the significance of the photographic subject’s experience. Photography in the Belgian Congo developed in three contexts: European, African and colonial, which overlap but have usually been explored separately. This dissertation aims to weave together these different aspects, fully appreciating and integrating the vivid racial tensions inherent in a colonial system, but ultimately aspiring to complicate the visual colonial relations materialized in photography by taking into consideration parameters of assimilation and collaboration, co-authorship, or again, seduction.
ISENBERG Nancy
White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America
ID: 201606210914


In her groundbreaking history of the class system in America, extending from colonial times to the present, Nancy Isenberg takes on our comforting myths about equality, uncovering the crucial legacy of the ever-present, always embarrassing––if occasionally entertaining––"poor white trash."

The wretched and landless poor have existed from the time of the earliest British colonial settlement. They were alternately known as “waste people,” “offals,” “rubbish,” “lazy lubbers,” and “crackers.” By the 1850s, the downtrodden included so-called “clay eaters” and “sandhillers,” known for prematurely aged children distinguished by their yellowish skin, ragged clothing, and listless minds.

Surveying political rhetoric and policy, popular literature and scientific theories over four hundred years, Isenberg upends assumptions about America’s supposedly class-free society––where liberty and hard work were meant to ensure real social mobility. Poor whites were central to the rise of the Republican Party in the early nineteenth century, and the Civil War itself was fought over class issues nearly as much as it was fought over slavery.

Reconstruction pitted "poor white trash" against newly freed slaves, which factored in the rise of eugenics–-a widely popular movement embraced by Theodore Roosevelt that targeted poor whites for sterilization. These poor were at the heart of New Deal reforms and LBJ’s Great Society; they haunt us in reality TV shows like Here Comes Honey Boo Boo and Duck Dynasty. Marginalized as a class, "white trash" have always been at or near the center of major political debates over the character of the American identity.

We acknowledge racial injustice as an ugly stain on our nation’s history. With Isenberg’s landmark book, we will have to face the truth about the enduring, malevolent nature of class as well.
(source:goodreads)
Land: USA
EmperorTigerstar
The History of the Ottomans: 1299-1923 (animated map)
ID: 201605261562
Gepubliceerd op 26 mei 2016
See the rise and fall of the Ottomans as they build up their empire in the Middle East, Southeastern Europe, and North Africa.

WEBB Simon
British Concentration Camps - A brief history from 1900 - 1975
ID: 201601051416
For many of us, the very expression 'Concentration Camp' is inextricably linked to Nazi Germany and the horrors of the Holocaust. The idea of British concentration camps is a strange and unsettling one. It was however the British, rather than the Germans, who were the chief driving force behind the development and use of concentration camps in the Twentieth Century. The operation by the British army of concentration camps during the Boer War led to the deaths of tens of thousands of children from starvation and disease. More recently, slave-labourers confined in a nationwide network of camps played an integral role in Britain's post-war prosperity. In 1947, a quarter of the country's agricultural workforce were prisoners in labour camps. Not only did the British government run their own concentration camps, they willingly acquiesced in the setting up of such establishments in the United Kingdom by other countries. During and after the Second World War, the Polish government-in-exile maintained a number of camps in Scotland where Jews, communists and homosexuals were imprisoned and sometimes killed.This book tells the terrible story of Britain's involvement in the use of concentration camps, which did not finally end until the last political prisoners being held behind barbed wire in the United Kingdom were released in 1975. From England to Cyprus, Scotland to Malaya, Kenya to Northern Ireland. The book details some of the most shocking and least known events in British history.
Land: GBR
YouTube
The Forgotten European Slaves of Barbary North Africa and Ottoman Turkey
ID: 201511081161



Gepubliceerd op 8 nov. 2015
Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the White Slave Trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 (Palgrave Macmillan). Davis estimates that 1 million to 1.25 million white Christian Europeans were enslaved in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th, by slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone (these numbers do not include the European people which were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast), 16th- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave import from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700. The markets declined after the loss of the Barbary Wars and finally ended in the 1830s, when the region was conquered by France.
Hundreds of thousands of Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. These slave raids were conducted largely by Arabs and Berbers rather than Ottoman Turks. However, during the height of the Barbary slave trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Barbary states were subject to Ottoman jurisdiction and ruled by Ottoman pashas. Furthermore, many slaves captured by the Barbary corsairs were sold eastward into Ottoman territories before, during, and after Barbary's period of Ottoman rule.

The Barbary Muslim pirates kidnapped Europeans from ships in North Africa’s coastal waters (Barbary Coast). They also attacked and pillaged the Atlantic coastal fishing villages and town in Europe, enslaving the inhabitants. Villages and towns on the coast of Italy, Spain, Portugal and France were the hardest hit. Muslim slave-raiders also seized people as far afield as Britain, Ireland and Iceland.

In 1544, the island of Ischia off Naples was ransacked, taking 4,000 inhabitants prisoners, while some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari Island off the north coast of Sicily were enslaved.870 Turgut Reis, a Turkish pirate chief, ransacked the coastal settlements of Granada (Spain) in 1663 and carried away 4,000 people as slaves. In 1625, Barbary pirates captured the Lund Island in the Bristol Channel and planted the standard of Islam. From this base, they went ransacking and pillaging surrounding villages and towns, causing a stunning spectacle of mayhem, slaughter and plunder. According to Milton, ‘Day after day, they struck at unarmed fishing communities, seizing the inhabitants, and burning their homes. By the end of the dreadful summer of 1625, the mayor of Plymouth reckoned that 1,000 skiffs had been destroyed and similar number of villagers carried off into slavery.’871 Between 1609 and 1616, the Barbary pirates ‘captured a staggering 466 English trading ships.’

In 1627, Pirates went on a pillaging and enslaving campaign to Iceland. After dropping anchor at Reykjavik, his forces ransacked the town and returned with 400 men, women and children and sold them in Algiers. In 1631, he made a voyage with a brigand of 200 pirates to the coast of Southern Ireland and ransacked and pillaged the village of Baltimore, carrying away 237 men, women and children to Algiers.

The barbaric slave-raiding activities of the Muslim pirates had a telling effect on Europe. France, England, and Spain lost thousands of ships, devastating to their sea-borne trade. Long stretches of the coast in Spain and Italy were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants until the nineteenth century. The finishing industry was virtually devastated.

Paul Baepler’s White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives lists a collection of essays by nine American captives held in North Africa. According to his book, there were more than 20,000 white Christian slaves by 1620 in Algiers alone; their number swelled to more than 30,000 men and 2,000 women by the 1630s. There were a minimum of 25,000 white slaves at any time in Sultan Moulay Ismail’s palace, records Ahmed ez-Zayyani; Algiers maintained a population of 25,000 white slaves between 1550 and 1730, and their numbers could double at certain times. During the same period, Tunis and Tripoli each maintained a white slave population of about 7,500. The Barbary pirates enslaved some 5,000 Europeans annually over a period of nearly three centuries.
IFA
Le Recueil Financier - Digital version by Institute for Financial Archaeology
ID: 201510310035
Brussels used to be an important financial centre and attracted countless foreign companies, just as London does today. Brussels held a quasi monopoly on tramway and light railway companies, such as Tramways de Koursk, Tramways Napolitains, Tramways de Rosario, Tramways de Tientsin,… These companies were quoted on the big board on a daily basis.

In the now legendary year of 1929, more than 1.000 companies had been listed in Brussels. All types of shares and bonds combined, the big black board included more than 1.500 quote lines. One third of these companies were foreign (France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany,…)

Only one yearbook covered the world of finance and financiers during the 1893-1975 period: “LE RECUEIL FINANCIER: annuaire des valeurs cotées aux bourses de Belgique”. This yearbook has proven to be of inestimable value to those researching the history of the Belgian stock exchanges.

The Recueil Financier contains a wealth of information on stock exchange prices, corporate financial results and balance sheets. The directors of the companies listed get a separate mention, referenced with all their mandates in the listed companies.

Every year a report is published on all companies, highlighting the commercial activities during the course of the year and giving a detailed list of corporate actions (investments, dividends, spin-offs, take-overs, splits…).

Until now the Recueil Financier was only available in printed form, which made research very time consuming. Worse still, no complete series of the yearbooks had survived and only scattered copies could be found in libraries.

All 82 years, encompassing 240.000 pages in 221 volumes, have been digitised by IFA over the last 2 years! IFA owns the reproduction rights.


link to the RFI-page of IFA
BBC
Slave owners got compensation in GBR
ID: 201507282303
The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 formally freed 800,000 Africans who were then the legal property of Britain’s slave owners. What is less well known is that the same act contained a provision for the financial compensation of the owners of those slaves, by the British taxpayer, for the loss of their “property”. The compensation commission was the government body established to evaluate the claims of the slave owners and administer the distribution of the £20m the government had set aside to pay them off. That sum represented 40% of the total government expenditure for 1834. It is the modern equivalent of between £16bn and £17bn.


The compensation of Britain’s 46,000 slave owners was the largest bailout in British history until the bailout of the banks in 2009. Not only did the slaves receive nothing, under another clause of the act they were compelled to provide 45 hours of unpaid labour each week for their former masters, for a further four years after their supposed liberation. In effect, the enslaved paid part of the bill for their own manumission.


Read more



Note LT: Note that Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, Slavery, The Anglo-American Involvement commented on these matters in 1973 (see our booknumber 23604). But we tend to forget willingly the disturbing tragedies of our history. Fact is that the rich always find ways to avoid losses or to be compensated for them by the state (the taxpayer). Historians should move ahead to indicate the redundant strategies and tactics of tax evasion and profitary by the upper class.
ROES Aldwin (2010)
Towards a history of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo 1885-1908
ID: 201506041226